Finding a compact foldable yoga mat that balances portability with comfort can be challenging. The Gaiam Folding Travel Yoga Mat stands out as the best overall choice, offering a lightweight design and reliable grip. For those seeking extra cushioning, the Foldable Extra Thick Yoga Mat 0.32 Inches provides excellent padding without sacrificing portability. Meanwhile, the Readaeer Foldable Yoga Mat with Carrying Bag delivers a great combination of affordability and convenience. These options illustrate the common tradeoff between thickness and packability, with some mats prioritizing ultra-lightweight travel ease and others emphasizing comfort. Keep reading to explore the full lineup and find your ideal fit.
Key Takeaways
- Thicker mats generally offer more comfort but tend to be bulkier when folded, so balance thickness against foldability needs.
- Travel-specific mats are usually thinner and lighter, but may compromise some cushioning and durability.
- Quality non-slip surfaces are essential for safety, especially on smooth surfaces or during dynamic poses.
- Carrying features like straps and bags significantly enhance portability, especially if you commute or travel frequently.
- Materials like TPE and high-density foam impact both grip and longevity—consider your priorities between eco-friendliness and durability.
More Details on Our Top Picks
Foldable Yoga Mat + Carry Bag, 6mm, 7-Fold Workout Mat with Yoga Blocks
This set stands out for its all-in-one approach, combining a 6mm cushioned mat with two yoga blocks, making it a flexible option for practitioners who need both support and portability. Compared to the Gaiam Travel Yoga Mat, it offers more comfort due to its thicker padding, but it’s bulkier when folded. The inclusion of blocks adds value for beginners or those practicing restorative yoga, though advanced users might find the two blocks insufficient for complex poses. Its 7-fold design ensures compact storage, but the limited thickness (6mm) may not satisfy those seeking extra joint protection during high-impact routines.
Pros:- Includes yoga blocks for added support and versatility
- Compact 7-fold design for easy transport and storage
- Comfortable cushioning suitable for various exercises
- Large enough size for multiple workout routines
Cons:- Limited to 6mm thickness, may not provide enough padding for some users
- Only includes two yoga blocks, which may not support advanced poses
Best for: Beginners or practitioners who want a versatile, all-in-one yoga kit for travel and home use.
Not ideal for: High-impact or advanced practitioners needing extra padding or specialized support, as the 6mm thickness may not suffice.
- Mat Thickness:6mm
- Mat Dimensions (Unfolded):24 x 72 inches
- Folded Size:24 x 10 x 2 inches
- Yoga Blocks Dimensions:3 x 6 x 9 inches
Bottom line: This product suits beginners and casual practitioners who want a portable, all-in-one yoga solution with basic support.
HAPBEAR Foldable Yoga Mat – 72″x24″x0.24″ (6mm), Non-Slip TPE Exercise Mat for Yoga, Pilates, Stretching & Travel
The HAPBEAR foldable mat emphasizes eco-conscious design with its TPE material, offering a spacious 72×24-inch surface that rivals the Readaeer for size. Its foldable structure makes it ideal for frequent travelers or outdoor workouts, providing reliable non-slip grip on various surfaces. While its 6mm thickness is comparable to the Readaeer, it’s slightly lighter and eco-friendlier, making it perfect for environmentally conscious users. However, the lack of detailed weight info and color options might be a drawback for those seeking more customization or precise portability metrics.
Pros:- Eco-friendly TPE material with durable, non-slip surface
- Large 72×24-inch surface for versatile workouts
- Foldable design for compact storage and portability
- Waterproof and sweat-resistant for easy cleaning
Cons:- Limited information on weight and color options
- Thickness might be too thin for high-impact routines
Best for: Travelers and outdoor enthusiasts who prioritize eco-friendly materials and a stable surface for workouts.
Not ideal for: Users requiring extra cushioning for joint comfort or high-impact routines, since 6mm may feel insufficient for intense exercises.
- Material:TPE
- Dimensions:72 x 24 inches
- Thickness:6 mm
- Folded Size:15 x 12 x 4 inches
Bottom line: This mat is perfect for eco-conscious users who need a stable, portable surface for travel or outdoor workouts.
Foldable Yoga Exercise Mat, 6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm Thickness, 72 x 24 Inch, Lightweight, Anti-Slip, Easy to Store
This multi-thickness option from the lineup offers a customizable experience, with choices ranging from 6mm to 12mm, making it a flexible pick for those who want tailored cushioning. Its accordion-fold design matches the convenience of the Gaiam Travel Mat but with the advantage of thicker variants for added comfort. While the non-toxic POE material ensures safety, the thicker options might increase weight and reduce portability slightly. It’s ideal for users who need different levels of padding without sacrificing foldability, though durability over long-term use isn’t clearly specified.
Pros:- Multiple thickness options for personalized comfort
- Foldable, accordion-style design for easy storage
- Non-toxic, odorless POE material for safety
- Non-slip, sweat-resistant surface
Cons:- Variable thickness may not be suitable for every routine
- Durability details over long-term use are limited
Best for: Practitioners seeking adjustable cushioning levels for different routines or joint sensitivities.
Not ideal for: Travelers who prioritize ultra-lightweight gear or those who prefer a single, standard thickness for simplicity.
- Thickness:6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm
- Size:72 x 24 inches
- Material:POE
- Foldable:Yes
Bottom line: This mat is well-suited for users who want customizable padding and easy storage in a portable design.
Gaiam Folding Travel Yoga Mat – 68″ x 24″ x 2mm
The Gaiam Travel Mat prioritizes portability with its lightweight 2mm thickness and 68-inch length, slightly shorter than some competitors but still offering ample space for most routines. Its PVC surface provides a textured, non-slip grip, which is reliable but may emit a strong odor initially. While its thinness enhances ease of packing, it sacrifices cushioning, making it less suitable for high-impact or joint-sensitive users. Its foldable design is highly efficient for travelers who need minimal bulk, though the limited color options and potential odor issues are considerations.
Pros:- Very lightweight at around 2 pounds
- Compact foldable design for travel
- Reliable non-slip textured surface
- Easy to carry in bags or backpacks
Cons:- Limited thickness may not support high-impact routines
- Possible strong odor when new
Best for: Travelers and minimalists who need a compact, lightweight mat for light routines and portability.
Not ideal for: Practitioners requiring extra padding or those practicing high-impact workouts, as 2mm thickness offers little joint protection.
- Dimensions:68 x 24 inches
- Thickness:2mm
- Weight:Approximately 2 lbs
- Material:PVC
Bottom line: This mat is ideal for frequent travelers who prioritize portability over cushioning for light yoga or Pilates routines.
Readaeer Foldable Yoga Mat with Carrying Bag, 6mm Thick, Non-Slip TPE Exercise and Pilates Mat, 72″ L x 24″ W
The Readaeer mat emphasizes superior cushioning with its 6mm TPE construction, making it a strong choice for those prioritizing joint protection during yoga and Pilates. Its foldable design with a carrying bag enhances portability, comparable to the HAPBEAR but with a focus on high-quality material. While it offers excellent slip resistance and cushioning, some users might prefer a thicker mat for extra comfort during extended sessions or high-impact routines. Its durability and weight are not specified, which could matter for frequent travelers or those seeking a lightweight option.
Pros:- High-quality TPE material with excellent cushioning
- Foldable with a convenient carrying bag
- Double-sided non-slip surface for stability
- Good for joint-sensitive routines
Cons:- No specific weight information provided
- Limited color options noted
Best for: Users seeking enhanced joint support and cushioning for longer or more intense workouts.
Not ideal for: Travelers or minimalist practitioners who prefer ultra-lightweight gear or need thicker padding for comfort.
- Material:TPE
- Thickness:6mm
- Dimensions:72″ L x 24″ W
- Includes:Carrying bag
Bottom line: This mat is best suited for practitioners who need extra joint cushioning and support for extended or high-impact exercises.
Gaiam Folding Travel Yoga Mat – 68″ x 24″ x 2mm
This lightweight, foldable mat is ideal for frequent travelers who need a reliable surface that fits into carry-on luggage. Compared to the Readaeer Foldable Yoga Mat, it’s more compact and easier to pack, but its thinner 2mm thickness limits cushioning, making it less comfortable for high-impact routines. Its non-toxic PVC surface offers excellent grip, yet the material isn’t eco-friendly, which might concern those seeking sustainable options. While perfect for quick sessions outdoors or in small spaces, its durability will fall short for regular, long-term use.
Pros:- Extremely lightweight and folds to a small size for travel
- Easy to fold and store in carry-on luggage
- Provides reliable grip with sticky texture
Cons:- Very thin, offers minimal cushioning for joints
- Limited durability compared to thicker or rubber mats
Best for: Travelers who prioritize portability and quick setup for yoga or Pilates on the go
Not ideal for: Practitioners needing extra cushioning or practicing high-impact routines regularly
- Dimensions:68″L x 24″W
- Thickness:2mm
- Material:Non-toxic PVC
- Weight:2 lbs
- Foldable:Yes
- Color:Not specified
Bottom line: This pick works best for frequent travelers seeking a lightweight, space-saving yoga mat with decent grip but limited padding.
Readaeer Foldable Yoga Mat for Travel, 6mm Thick with Carrying Bag, Non-Slip TPE Exercise Pilates Mat, 72″ L x 24″ W
This mat strikes a good balance between cushioning and portability, thanks to its 6mm TPE construction. Unlike the ultra-thin Gaiam model, it offers more comfort for joint protection, making it suitable for longer or more intense sessions. The double-sided anti-slip surface ensures stability, even on smooth surfaces, but some users note that the TPE material may wear faster over time compared to rubber mats like the Readaeer Non-Slip TPE Yoga Mat. Its foldable design makes it easy to store and carry, making it a versatile choice for indoor and outdoor workouts.
Pros:- 6mm thickness provides comfortable cushioning for joints
- Double-sided anti-slip surface enhances stability
- Includes a convenient carrying bag for on-the-go use
Cons:- TPE material may degrade faster over time
- Limited color and style options
Best for: Practitioners who want a portable mat with added cushioning for moderate impact routines
Not ideal for: High-impact athletes or those seeking long-term durability in a mat
- Material:TPE
- Thickness:6mm
- Dimensions:72″L x 24″W
- Features:Foldable, Non-slip, Includes carrying bag
Bottom line: Ideal for users seeking a travel-friendly mat with better cushioning and grip than thinner alternatives like Gaiam’s model.
Amazon Basics Extra Thick Exercise Yoga Mat with Carrying Strap
This 0.5-inch NBR foam mat offers plush padding, making it stand out from thinner, foldable models like the Gaiam or Readaeer options. While its thickness provides superb comfort, especially for longer sessions, it also makes it bulkier and heavier to carry, reducing portability. Its textured surface ensures solid traction during workouts, but the extra weight and bulk may deter those who need a truly compact travel mat. This mat is better suited for home use or occasional outdoor sessions rather than frequent travel.
Pros:- Thick 0.5-inch padding offers excellent shock absorption
- Textured surface enhances grip
- Includes a carrying strap for easier transport
Cons:- Heavy and bulky compared to thinner foldable mats
- Less convenient for travel or quick storage
Best for: Home practitioners or those needing maximum comfort during regular workouts
Not ideal for: Travelers who prioritize portability or those with limited storage space
- Material:NBR foam
- Thickness:0.5 inches
- Dimensions:74 x 24 inches
- Included:Carrying strap
Bottom line: This mat is perfect for home use or studio workouts where comfort takes priority over portability.
Readaeer Foldable Yoga Mat – 6mm Thick, Non-Slip, Portable with Carrying Bag, 72″ x 24″
This TPE foldable mat offers a great middle ground, providing 6mm of cushioning similar to the Readaeer Travel Yoga Mat but with a more flexible foldable design. It outperforms thinner options in comfort while maintaining portability, making it suitable for both indoor and outdoor workouts. Its double-sided anti-slip surface rivals the grip of the Gaiam model, but TPE’s shorter lifespan compared to rubber might be a concern for dedicated regular users. Its versatile design suits a broad range of activities, from yoga to Pilates.
Pros:- 6mm cushioning balances comfort and portability
- Double-sided anti-slip surface maintains stability
- Foldable with included carrying bag for travel
Cons:- TPE material may degrade faster over time
- Limited color options
Best for: Fitness enthusiasts who need a durable, cushioned, and portable solution for diverse routines
Not ideal for: High-impact or long-term heavy-duty use due to TPE’s shorter lifespan
- Material:TPE
- Thickness:6mm
- Dimensions:72″L x 24″W
- Includes:Carrying bag
Bottom line: This mat suits users wanting a durable, cushioned, and foldable option for varied fitness activities on the go.
Foldable Extra Thick Yoga Mat 0.32 Inches (8mm), SGS-Certified, Odorless, Non-Slip, No Curling Edges
This 8mm foldable POE mat emphasizes safety and comfort, with SGS certification ensuring quality. Its unique folding design prevents curling, making it exceptionally flat and stable during practice, unlike some thinner mats that tend to warp or curl at the edges. While it’s lightweight at just 2 pounds, its thicker profile offers a softer surface, ideal for those with sensitive joints or needing extra padding. However, the added thickness and foldable design mean it might lack the durability of non-folding rubber mats over extensive use, and its limited color options could be a drawback for style-conscious buyers.
Pros:- 8mm thick for superior cushioning and comfort
- Folds flat without curling or warping
- SGS-certified for safety and quality
Cons:- Less durable than traditional rubber mats over time
- Limited color options
Best for: Practitioners seeking a high-quality, extra-thick foldable mat with safety certifications for varied workouts
Not ideal for: High-impact, long-term daily use or users seeking the most durable, non-folding mats
- Material:POE
- Thickness:8mm
- Weight:2 lbs
- Certification:SGS
- Foldable:Yes
Bottom line: This premium foldable mat is best for users prioritizing safety, comfort, and portability for moderate routines.
Foldable Yoga Exercise Mat, 6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm Thickness, 72 x 24 Inch – Lightweight, Anti-Slip, Easy to Store
This foldable yoga mat stands out for its non-toxic POE material, which offers a safer, odorless experience compared to the foam-based options like the Gaiam Pilates Mat. Its accordion-fold design makes it incredibly easy to carry and store, especially suited for frequent travelers or those with limited space. While it offers several thickness options, the 6mm and 8mm variants strike a good balance between cushioning and portability, though some users may wish for more thickness for high-impact routines. Compared to the 7-fold TPE mat, this model’s foldability is more straightforward without creasing concerns, but it might lack the plush padding some prefer for joint comfort. Overall, this pick makes the most sense for users who want a safe, portable, and reliable foldable mat for multiple workout types.
Pros:- Non-toxic, odorless POE material enhances safety and comfort
- Smart accordion-fold design simplifies storage and transport
- Double-textured surface provides excellent traction during movement
- Supports muscles and joints well for various workouts
Cons:- Limited color options reduce customization choices
- Thickness options may not satisfy those seeking extra cushioning
Best for: Fitness enthusiasts who value safety, portability, and multi-exercise versatility in a foldable design
Not ideal for: High-impact athletes needing thicker, more cushioned support for joint protection during intense routines
- Material:POE
- Thickness:6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm
- Size:72 x 24 inches
- Weight:Lightweight
- Non-slip surface:Yes
- Certification:ITS Certified
Bottom line: This mat is ideal for users seeking a safe, foldable option that handles multiple workout styles with ease.
Gaiam Yoga Mat, Pilates & Exercise Mat, Thick 2/5″ (10mm) Workout Mat with Carrying Strap
This extra-thick 10mm Gaiam mat delivers plush padding that surpasses the thinner, more portable options like the foldable TPE mats, making it excellent for joint-sensitive users or those doing floor exercises. Its low-odor, textured foam surface enhances safety by preventing slips, but the added thickness introduces some weight, making it less ideal for frequent travel compared to the 7-fold TPE mat. While it offers superior cushioning, this plush support comes at the expense of slightly less firmness, which could be a drawback for users requiring more stability during standing poses. Compared to the ultra-portable foldable options, this mat prioritizes comfort over compactness, making it perfect for home use or physical therapy routines.
Pros:- Extra-thick 10mm cushioning provides excellent joint comfort
- Non-slip textured surface enhances safety during dynamic poses
- Includes a convenient carrying strap for portability
- Low-odor foam improves user experience
Cons:- Heavier and bulkier than foldable TPE mats, complicating travel
- Less firm support for standing poses compared to thinner mats
Best for: Individuals needing maximum joint protection and plush comfort during extended floor exercises or rehab sessions
Not ideal for: Travelers or those with limited storage space who prioritize portability over cushioning
- Material:NBR foam
- Thickness:2/5 inch (10mm)
- Dimensions:72″L x 24″W
- Weight:3.11 lbs
- Includes:Carrying strap
- Color:Classic colors
Bottom line: This mat is best suited for users prioritizing comfort and cushioning over portability and compact storage.
7-Fold Yoga Mat 70″x24″ – 1/2 Inch Thick Folding Exercise Mat, Compact Non-Slip TPE Mat for Travel, Storage, Yoga & Home Gym
This 7-fold TPE yoga mat combines a generous 1/2-inch thickness with a compact folding design, making it ideal for those who need a portable yet cushioned mat. Its foldability surpasses bulkier models like the TPE with Carrying Strap, offering a neat storage solution that’s perfect for travel or small spaces. The plush padding ensures comfort for extended floor exercises, but the increased weight and potential creases from folding could be drawbacks for frequent commuters. Compared to the simpler foldable mats, its multi-fold design minimizes creasing and makes storage more manageable, but the TPE material may emit a slight odor initially, which might concern sensitive users. Overall, this mat suits users looking for a comfortable, foldable option that easily fits into travel routines or small home gyms.
Pros:- Space-saving 7-fold design for easy storage and transport
- Thick, plush padding offers excellent comfort
- Non-slip textured surface for safety
- Includes a full-color workout guide
Cons:- Heavier than thinner, less cushioned mats
- Folded sections may develop creases over time
Best for: Travelers, students, or gym-goers needing a cushioned, space-efficient yoga mat
Not ideal for: Those seeking ultra-lightweight mats for intense portability or minimal bulk
- Size:70″ x 24″
- Thickness:1/2 inch (12mm)
- Material:High-density TPE foam
- Folded Dimensions:24″ x 10″ x 3″
- Weight:Lightweight
- Includes:Workout guide
Bottom line: This foldable, cushioned mat is perfect for those who want comfort and portability in a compact design.
Foldable Non-Slip Yoga Mat – 72″ x 24″ x 0.4″ Thick, Extra Wide & Durable with Carrying Strap and Bag
This foldable TPE mat emphasizes durability with its eco-friendly, tear-resistant build and extra width, which provides more stability during poses. Compared to more compact, thinner mats like the 6mm foam options, this model offers a more substantial, supportive surface that’s suitable for heavyweight or stability-focused routines. Its foldable design, combined with the included carrying strap and bag, makes it portable despite the thicker profile, though it may be less convenient for those prioritizing maximum portability. Some users might find the textured surface less initially grippy over time, especially if they sweat heavily. Overall, this mat is well-suited for users who need a durable, roomy option that can handle various workouts at home or in the studio.
Pros:- Durable, tear-resistant TPE material enhances longevity
- Extra-wide design offers greater stability during poses
- Foldable with carrying strap and bag for portability
- Textured surface provides secure footing
Cons:- Thicker profile makes it less portable than thinner mats
- Some users may find the texture less grippy over time
Best for: Practitioners requiring a durable, extra-wide mat with foldable convenience for general fitness or stability training
Not ideal for: Travelers or those who prefer ultra-light, ultra-compact mats for frequent carry
- Material:TPE
- Size:72″ x 24″
- Thickness:10 mm (0.4 inches)
- Foldable:Yes
- Includes:Carrying strap and bag
- Color:Available in multiple colors
Bottom line: This durable, wide foldable mat is best for users who prioritize stability and long-term use over ultra-light portability.
How We Picked
The products in this roundup were evaluated based on a combination of factors including foldability, overall portability, grip performance, cushioning, and build quality. We prioritized mats that fold into compact sizes suitable for travel and storage, ensuring they are genuinely easy to carry and store. Durability and material quality were also key, as we looked for non-slip surfaces and long-lasting fabrics. Price point and value were considered to identify options that offer a good balance between affordability and features. These criteria ensure that each product serves a specific need within the foldable yoga mat category, allowing us to rank them by versatility, performance, and user convenience.Factors to Consider When Choosing Compact Foldable Yoga Mats
Choosing the right compact foldable yoga mat involves balancing portability with comfort, safety, and durability. To make an informed decision, consider how often you’ll travel with your mat, your preferred thickness, and the type of surface you’ll practice on. Additional factors like material eco-friendliness, ease of cleaning, and included accessories can also influence your choice. Keep in mind that lighter mats tend to sacrifice some cushioning, so identify what tradeoffs are acceptable for your practice. Here are the key aspects to evaluate:Portability and Foldability
Assess how compact the mat folds and whether it fits easily into your bag or luggage. Some mats fold into just a few sections, reducing bulk, while others might be more rigid or bulky despite being labeled as ‘foldable.’ The included carrying straps or bags enhance convenience, especially for frequent travelers or commuters. Remember that a highly portable mat should also be easy to carry without adding significant weight.
Thickness and Cushioning
Thickness directly impacts comfort and joint protection, but thicker mats often take up more space when folded. Thinner mats, around 2mm, are extremely portable but may feel less supportive. Thicker options, 6mm or more, provide cushioning but tend to be less compact. Consider your practice style—if you do high-impact or restorative yoga, extra padding might be worth the tradeoff in portability.
Surface Material and Grip
Look for materials like TPE or high-density foam that offer a non-slip surface. The grip quality is vital for safety, especially on smooth floors or during sweatier sessions. Some mats feature textured surfaces designed to prevent slipping, which is especially important if you do hot yoga or vigorous routines. Avoid overly slick surfaces that could compromise stability.
Durability and Maintenance
Durability depends on the material and construction quality. Eco-friendly options like TPE tend to be durable and easier to clean, but some lower-quality mats might tear or lose grip quickly. Check if the mat is machine washable or easy to wipe down, which extends its lifespan. A durable, easy-to-maintain mat offers better long-term value, especially if you practice regularly.
Additional Features and Accessories
Extras like carrying straps, bags, or included yoga blocks can enhance convenience. Some mats come with anti-odor properties or SGS certification for safety. Evaluate whether these features justify the price, and opt for mats that include accessories that suit your routine and travel habits. These details can significantly improve your overall experience and convenience.
Frequently Asked Questions
How thick should a foldable yoga mat be for travel?
For travel purposes, a thickness of 2mm to 4mm is generally ideal because it offers a good balance of cushioning and compactness. Thinner mats are easier to fold into small sizes and lighter to carry, but they still provide enough support for most yoga styles. If you prefer extra padding, opt for a foldable mat around 6mm, but be aware it might be slightly bulkier when folded.
Are foldable yoga mats as durable as traditional ones?
Many foldable mats are designed with durable materials like TPE or high-density foam, making them comparable to traditional mats in longevity. However, the key is in the quality of construction—cheaper options may wear out faster or lose grip over time. Investing in a higher-quality foldable mat typically provides better durability, especially if you practice frequently or on rough surfaces.
Can I use a foldable yoga mat outdoors?
Yes, many foldable mats are suitable for outdoor use, provided they have a non-slip surface and are made from weather-resistant materials. However, consider the thickness and material—thinner mats can be more prone to damage from rough surfaces or sharp objects. Always check the product specifications to ensure outdoor durability if that’s your primary use.
How do I clean and maintain my foldable yoga mat?
Most foldable mats can be cleaned with a damp cloth and mild soap, but some are machine washable—always check the manufacturer’s instructions. Regular cleaning prevents odor and buildup of sweat and dirt. Avoid harsh chemicals that could degrade the material. Proper maintenance extends the lifespan and preserves the grip, keeping your practice safe and hygienic.
Is a thicker foldable mat better for joint support?
Generally, yes. Thicker mats, around 6mm or more, provide better cushioning for joints, making them suitable for restorative or high-impact yoga styles. However, thicker mats tend to be less portable due to increased bulk and weight. If joint support is a priority and you often practice in different locations, look for a foldable mat that balances thickness with compactness for travel convenience.
Conclusion
For most users, the Gaiam Folding Travel Yoga Mat offers the best combination of portability, grip, and durability, making it ideal for frequent travelers and casual practitioners. Those seeking extra comfort should consider the Foldable Extra Thick Yoga Mat 0.32 Inches, especially if cushioning is a priority. Beginners or occasional practitioners might prefer a budget-friendly option like the Readaeer Foldable Yoga Mat with Carrying Bag for simplicity and ease of use. For dedicated travelers, lightweight, thin mats such as the Gaiam travel model shine, while premium buyers wanting top-tier quality and features should explore options with advanced materials and added accessories. Ultimately, your choice depends on your practice style, frequency, and portability needs.
